Diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases in outpatient settings: type II diabetes mellitus

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Published: Mar 7, 2026
Issue
No. 285: 7th ISPC «Modern Directions and Movements in Science» (March 6-8, 2026; Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg).
Section
Medicine and Pharmacy
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Bukatcha Zainalieva
Mishra Ankit
Subashree Appadurai
Bedprakash Patel
Bhupesh Kumar
Karthikeyan Kalimuthu
Mohammad Raza
Priyanka Rethinakumar
Ranjit Chauhan Rambadan
Sakhana Thiyagarajan
Yohitha Saravanan
Sheikh Mohammad
M. Shanmugasundaram
Sri Dharshini Shanmugam
Um E Rumana
Viswanath Devadoss

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has reached pandemic proportions, representing one of the most formidable challenges in modern ambulatory care. Unlike acute pathologies managed in the inpatient setting, the trajectory of T2DM is determined almost entirely by the quality of chronic, outpatient management. This article reviews the complex, multi-organ pathophysiology of T2DM, moving beyond the classical beta-cell/insulin resistance paradigm to encompass the "ominous octet." We detail the current outpatient diagnostic criteria, emphasizing the pivotal role of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Furthermore, we explore the pharmacological landscape, from the foundational use of Metformin to the revolutionary paradigm shift brought by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs), which offer unprecedented cardiorenal protection. Finally, we establish the framework for routine outpatient monitoring to prevent devastating microvascular and macrovascular complications.


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How to Cite
Zainalieva, B., Ankit, M., Appadurai, S., Patel, B., Kumar, B., Kalimuthu, K., Raza, M., Rethinakumar, P., Ranjit Chauhan Rambadan, Thiyagarajan, S., Saravanan, Y., Mohammad , S., Shanmugasundaram, M., Sri Dharshini Shanmugam, Um E Rumana, & Devadoss, V. (2026). Diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases in outpatient settings: type II diabetes mellitus. Scientific Collection «InterConf», (285), 111–117. Retrieved from https://archive.interconf.center/index.php/conference-proceeding/article/view/7939

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