Modern contraception: a review of long-acting and hormonal methods

Abstract

Contraception represents a cornerstone of women’s health and reproductive autonomy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of contemporary contraceptive options, emphasizing the first-tier, high-efficacy methods known as Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). The discussion explores the mechanisms, effectiveness, and safety profiles of both hormonal (levonorgestrel-releasing) and non-hormonal (copper) intrauterine devices (IUDs), alongside the subdermal implant. Additional sections outline other modern options, such as combined and progestin-only pills, injectable contraceptives, and permanent sterilization procedures (tubal ligation and vasectomy). Central to this review is the concept of patient-centered counseling, guided by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC), ensuring that every method chosen is not only safe but also aligned with the patient’s lifestyle and reproductive goals. Ultimately, empowering individuals through clear, evidence-based information improves adherence, satisfaction, and overall health outcomes.