Experimental morphological evaluation of bioactive glass BG1D in jaw bone defect replacement

Abstract

The paper analyzes the life cycle (LC) of weapons and military equipment (WME) as a source of technogenic pressure on the environment, from concept and planning through R&D, testing, codification, serial production, operation, modernization, and final disposal. It identifies the main ecological risks at each LC stage: toxic emissions and noise during production and trials; contamination of soils and waters by fuels, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids during operation; and long-term pollution from combat losses, including heavy metals and hazardous residues that damage ecosystems. The study emphasizes the value of traceability, standardization (including NATO-oriented approaches), and digital LC management for controlling impacts and ensuring accountability. It proposes mitigation measures such as alternative fuels, reuse of components, eco-design, additive manufacturing, safer materials, and improved recycling and remediation practices.