Efficacy and uptake of trivalent vaccines amid the B/Yamagata extinction: a narrative review
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Abstract
Background. Influenza remains a significant public health challenge, causing millions of illnesses and thousands of deaths annually. Seasonal influenza vaccines have evolved from trivalent formulations to quadrivalent vaccines, providing broader protection against influenza B lineages. However, the absence of B/Yamagata circulation since 2020 has prompted a return to trivalent vaccines for the 2024–2025 flu season. Objectives. This review examines the impact of the shift to trivalent vaccines on influenza prevention efforts and vaccine uptake, focusing on effectiveness, logistical benefits, and public health outcomes. Methods. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and public health reports. Articles discussing trivalent vaccine formulation, vaccine uptake, and influenza prevention strategies were included. Data on cost-effectiveness, immunogenicity, and global vaccine distribution were synthesized. Results. Trivalent vaccines reduce manufacturing complexity and cost while maintaining protection against predominant influenza strains. Early studies indicate comparable effectiveness to quadrivalent vaccines during B/Yamagata extinction periods. However, mismatched seasons involving influenza B/Victoria pose a potential risk. Vaccine uptake trends show minimal resistance to the transition, although public education remains vital.
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