Зміна парадигми каталізу: ломка стереотипів
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Abstract
У статті запропоновано нову парадигму каталізу, що сформована як природний розвиток передових концепцій каталізу, таких як "електрон - каталізатор", "протон - каталізатор" і "концепція ступеня окиснення". Нова парадигма каталізу побудована на ідеї існування в природі всього лише двох універсальних каталізаторів, які здатні збільшувати реакційну здатність великого класу хімічних речовин. Доповнення концепцій "електрон - каталізатор", "протон - каталізатор" і "концепції ступеня окиснення" "концепцією двох зарядово-симетричних фундаментальних каталізаторів" дало змогу зробити важливі узагальнення в теорії каталізу, усунути суперечності, накопичені за тривалу історію каталізу, й отримати закони каталізу. Двох зарядово-симетричних каталізаторів виявилося достатньо, щоб, не вдаючись до незліченного сімейства традиційних каталізаторів, дати несуперечливі пояснення каталітичному феномену. Справжніми каталізаторами є фундаментальні об'єкти мікросвіту - елементарні частинки: електрон і протон. Численні речовини, які традиційно вважалися каталізаторами, такими не є. У новій парадигмі каталізу їм відведена роль попередників каталізаторів. Показано необхідність уточнення та зміни термінології каталізу. Спільним механізмом для каталітичних реакцій у різних видах каталізу є механізм, що ґрунтується на перенесенні електричних зарядів електронами та протонами і на зміні за їхньою участю ступеню окиснення реагентів. Розроблено естафетний донорно-акцепторний механізм як універсальний механізм каталізу. Усі хімічні реакції слід вважати каталітичними. Ті реакції, які традиційно відносили до некаталітичних реакцій, належать до класу автокаталітичних реакцій. У них каталізаторами є електрон або протон, а роль попередника виконує один із реагентів.
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