Generative Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Education: Critical Thinking Skills and a Balanced AI-assisted Learning Model

Abstract

The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence technologies has created new opportunities as well as significant challenges within modern education systems. In particular, the widespread adoption of generative AI-based systems such as ChatGPT has had a substantial impact on the organization of teaching processes, students’ learning behaviors, and the evolving role of educators. This article examines the applications of generative artificial intelligence technologies in education, their advantages, and their potential effects on students’ critical thinking skills. In addition to highlighting the benefits of AI-assisted learning, the study analyzes challenges such as cognitive dependency, passive learning, reduced analytical thinking, and issues related to academic integrity that may arise from the uncontrolled use of AI technologies. Based on a qualitative literature review and comparative analysis, a balanced AI-assisted learning model is proposed, emphasizing the importance of a human-centered pedagogical approach in which artificial intelligence serves as a supportive rather than a substitutive tool. The findings suggest that the effective integration of generative AI technologies into education is possible only within a controlled and reflective learning environment that preserves students’ independent thinking, creativity, ethical awareness, and problem-solving abilities while benefiting from the capabilities of AI.